Among candidate treatment options for COVID-19, propolis, produced by honey bees from bioactive plant exudates, has shown potential against viral targets and has demonstrated immunoregulatory properties.

Varroa destructor mites remain a major threat to Apis mellifera honey bees, yet many populations across the world have naturally evolved survivorship to infestation.

The enemies of bees can be classified as parasites, predators, disturbers, or commensals,  depending on the nature of their damage and their interdependence with bees.

Photoperiod and temperature strongly influence the rate of diapause development in animals.

Systemic insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays to seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids and fipronil are among the most widely used pesticides in the world.

Dietary sources of essential amino acids (EAAs) are used for growth, somatic maintenance and reproduction.

The high potential of flavonoids in ethanolic propolis extracts to bind to ACE II receptors indicates that this natural bee product has high potential for Covid- 19 treatment.

The new CAP framework enables potential interventions in the beekeeping sector, including advisory services, environmental actions, certification systems, and collective storage.

The significant decline of bees and pollinators together with the wider collapse of biodiversity we are currently witnessing has raised alarm in the scientific community and general public.

The EU beekeeping sector faces significant challenges, marked by competition from low-cost imports, rising production costs, and widespread fraud.