Insect pollinators are essential to global food production. For this reason, it is alarming that honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations across the world have recently seen increased rates of mortality.

arroa destructor was first found in Iran in the 1980s and for four decades Iranian beekeepers have had to deal with this mite. Various treatments were evaluated and pyrethroids (Apistan®, Bayvarol® became the most popular.

Among candidate treatment options for COVID-19, propolis, produced by honey bees from bioactive plant exudates, has shown potential against viral targets and has demonstrated immunoregulatory properties.

Varroa destructor mites remain a major threat to Apis mellifera honey bees, yet many populations across the world have naturally evolved survivorship to infestation.

The enemies of bees can be classified as parasites, predators, disturbers, or commensals,  depending on the nature of their damage and their interdependence with bees.

Photoperiod and temperature strongly influence the rate of diapause development in animals.

Systemic insecticides are applied to plants using a wide variety of methods, ranging from foliar sprays to seed treatments and soil drenches. Neonicotinoids and fipronil are among the most widely used pesticides in the world.

Dietary sources of essential amino acids (EAAs) are used for growth, somatic maintenance and reproduction.

The high potential of flavonoids in ethanolic propolis extracts to bind to ACE II receptors indicates that this natural bee product has high potential for Covid- 19 treatment.

The new CAP framework enables potential interventions in the beekeeping sector, including advisory services, environmental actions, certification systems, and collective storage.