The European honey bee is the most important managed species for agricultural pollination across the world

Did honey make the human brain larger, and later smaller and smarter — Homo sapiens?

Honey and Nigella sativa (HNS) have established antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

 The test is based on the OECD TG 213- Acute Oral Toxicity Test (1998) (1), (2). The test was validated by a German ring test group in 2013, by a 1st international ring test in 2014 and a 2nd international ring test in 2015

Beekeepers regularly employ management practices to mitigate losses during the winter, often considered the most difficult time during a colony life cycle.

Hygienic and non-hygienic colonies from ’Starline’ stock of Apis mellifera were tested for their ability to remove pupae infested with Varroa mites. The hygienic and non-hygienic lines were selected and bred on the basis of their removal response to freeze-killed brood.

Host-parasite co-evolution history is lacking when parasites switch to novel hosts. This was the case for Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) when the ectoparasitic mite, Varroa destructor, switched hosts from Eastern honey bees (Apis cerana).

The negative effects on adult behavior of juvenile undernourishment are well  in vertebrates, but relatively poorly understood in invertebrates.

As honey bee workers switch from in-hive tasks to foraging, they undergo transition from constant exposure to the controlled homogenous physical and sensory environment of the hive to prolonged diurnal exposures to a far more heterogeneous environment outside the hive.

Using data from a USDA survey of beekeepers, this report quantifies honey bee colony movements over the four seasons and provides a basis for understanding how the transport of honey bee colonies affects pollination services.