Clothianidin has a negative impact on immune responses, which can boost the proliferation of honey bee parasites and pathogen

Neonicotinoids are the most commonly used insecticides due to their effectiveness but other insects, especially bees, are also affected by them.

Background: Honeybees provide economically and ecologically vital pollination services to crops and wild plants. During the last decade elevated colony losses have been documented in Europe and North America.

It has been suggested that the widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides threatens bees, but research on this topic has been surrounded by controversy. In order to synthesize which research approaches have been used to examine the effect of neonicotinoids on bees and to identify knowledge gaps.

There is clear evidence for sublethal effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on non-target ecosystem service-providing insects.

The decline of pollinators worldwide is of growing concern. Both biotic and abiotic factors have been implicated as possible contributors to their decline; however, the potential role(s) of commonly-used neonicotinoid insecticides has emerged as particularly concerning.

Neonicotinoid insecticides can cause a variety of adverse sub-lethal effects in bees. In social species such as the honeybee, Apis mellifera, queens are essential for reproduction and colony functioning

Bees are vital to global biodiversity and food security through their pollination of plants, including several key crops. Overwhelming evidence now suggests that numerous wild and managed bee populations are in decline,

Due to concerns over negative impacts on insect pollinators, the European Union has implemented a moratorium on the use of three neonicotinoid pesticide seed dressings for mass-flowering crops

In recent years, an intense debate has been generated about the environmental risks posed by
neonicotinoids, a group of widely-used, neurotoxic insecticides.