The Varroa destructor mite is the largest threat to apiculture worldwide and has been responsible for devastating losses of wild honeybee populations in Europe and North America.

The study’s main goal was to understand the natural variability in the gut bacteriome of healthy honey bees (Apis mellifera).

Given predicted global shortages in pollination services, managing agroecosystems to support thriving wild bee communities is, therefore, central to ensuring sustainable food production.

Clothianidin has a negative impact on immune responses, which can boost the proliferation of honey bee parasites and pathogen

Neonicotinoids are the most commonly used insecticides due to their effectiveness but other insects, especially bees, are also affected by them.

Background: Honeybees provide economically and ecologically vital pollination services to crops and wild plants. During the last decade elevated colony losses have been documented in Europe and North America.

It has been suggested that the widespread use of neonicotinoid insecticides threatens bees, but research on this topic has been surrounded by controversy. In order to synthesize which research approaches have been used to examine the effect of neonicotinoids on bees and to identify knowledge gaps.

There is clear evidence for sublethal effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on non-target ecosystem service-providing insects.

The decline of pollinators worldwide is of growing concern. Both biotic and abiotic factors have been implicated as possible contributors to their decline; however, the potential role(s) of commonly-used neonicotinoid insecticides has emerged as particularly concerning.

Neonicotinoid insecticides can cause a variety of adverse sub-lethal effects in bees. In social species such as the honeybee, Apis mellifera, queens are essential for reproduction and colony functioning