Effects of pesticides, lethal and sub-lethal: Stop of egg laying, Aggressiveness & Hypothermia, Reduce of orientation ability, Reduce of hygienic behaviour, Reduce of memory ability, Brood intoxication, Reduce function of the heart, glands, Damage in parts of the bee brain.

Varroa destructor, a key biotic threat to the Western honey bee, has played a major role in colony losses over the past few years worldwide. Overuse of traditional acaricides, such as tau-fluvalinate and flumethrin, on V. destructor has only increased its tolerance to them.

Pollinator foraging performance could be altered by volcanic ash, contaminated flowers, pollen and nectar.

Varroa destructor is considered as the causal agent of the most severe parasitosis of the honey bee.

Neonicotinoids are water-soluble, and so can be taken up by a developing plant and can be found inside vas- cular tissues and foliage, providing protection against herbivorous insects. However, only approximately 5% of the neonicotinoid active ingredient is taken up by crop plants and most instead disperses into the wider environment.

Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are the two main microsporidian parasites causing nosematosis in the honey beeApis mellifera. The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the area of Bulgaria.

Five main problems of beekeeping sectors. Solutions for the future...

BeeLife has actively supported its members network by providing a position letter and an alert, encouraging them to engage with their respective national ministries to raise awareness and promote a coordinated response.

Sampling and genotyping of spermatheca’s content instead of individual offspring is timesaving for answers to patriline composition after mating.

So each sportsman can adapt himself to a hard training regime by using correct recovery means. Some important means of recovery of the human body and of improvement of the working capacity are: the pedagogical, the medical-biological and the psychological training.