Colonies with typical honey bee depopulation symptoms were selected for multiple possible factors to reveal the causes of collapse.

Diabetes mellitus remains a burden worldwide in spite of the availability of numerous anti-diabetic drugs. Honey is a natural substance produced by bees from nectar.

The honey consumer establishes the quality of honey with eye, nose and mouth. Therefore, the sensory properties of honey have a great importance. Sensory evaluation enables us to distinguish the botanical origin of honey and to identify and quantify certain defects (fermentation, impurities, off odours

The honey bee gut microbiome is fast becoming a focus in terms of honey bee health. A general description of this important area can be found here: At Apimonida 46, the following abstracts were were presented, providing further insight into study on this significant arena.

Over 30 viruses have been discovered from honey bees but few studies exist on the pathogenicity and direct impact of viruses on the queen’s phenotype.

The European honey bee is the most important managed species for agricultural pollination across the world

Did honey make the human brain larger, and later smaller and smarter — Homo sapiens?

Honey and Nigella sativa (HNS) have established antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.

 The test is based on the OECD TG 213- Acute Oral Toxicity Test (1998) (1), (2). The test was validated by a German ring test group in 2013, by a 1st international ring test in 2014 and a 2nd international ring test in 2015

Beekeepers regularly employ management practices to mitigate losses during the winter, often considered the most difficult time during a colony life cycle.