Many organisms respond to changes in temperature by altering their activity and metabolism.

How old are bees? Which came first, bees or flowers? When did bees develop social behaviour? Fossil bees are found in amber and copal but are quite rare as inclusions except for Proplebeia in amber from the Dominican Republic.

At the beginning of winter 2008-2009, beekeepers from Ariège (South of France) reported worrying death rates in their colonies. They observed more than 4000 dead hives and whole apiaries decimated, leading to a strong suspicion of bee poisoning. .

Europe's bees and other insects are under threat. In Germany, scientists have recorded losses of more than 75 percent of the total mass of insects in protected areas over 27 years

Every good bee-keeper's wish is to have healthy and strong bee colonies to bring him/her a lot of honey. And he/she wants to produce honey of the best quality to be offered to his/her customers.

Dr Fani Hatjina obtained her PhD in Cardiff and made much use of the IBRA library during her studies.

How works ISO standards for the bee products like honey, royal jelly, pollen, propolis, etc. Country members, decisions, official texts.

Even in sublethal doses, Imidacloprid led to severe bioelement malnutrition in 69% of bioelements and to a stoichiometric mismatch in the others.

Most studies that have shown negative sublethal effects of the pesticide imidacloprid on honeybees concern behavioral effects; only a few concern physiological effects.

Imidacloprid is a chloronicotinyl insecticide which interacts with insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.