Honey bee colonies are highly dependent upon the availability of floral resources from which they get the nutrients (notably pollen) necessary to their development and survival. However, foraging areas are currently affected by the intensification of agriculture and landscape alteration.

One of the main biotic threat to honey bees all over the world is the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata). Without proper treatment, colonies are doomed and collapse within two years.

Integrating harmonised pollinator-related data to create the effective measures needed to protect pollinators.

Insects impact on humanity includes pollination, but also serious animal and human health problems through the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms.

Attempts to combat nosema through the use of alternative compounds, including essential oils, plant extracts, and microbes in vitro and in vivo.

Current high losses of honeybees seriously threaten crop pollination. Whereas parasite exposure is acknowledged as an important cause of these losses, the role of insecticides is controversial.

Global pollinators, like honeybees, are declining in abundance and diversity, which can adversely affect natural ecosystems and agriculture.