The results showed most UK beekeepers are treating their bees for Varroa using chemicals but 1,800 UK beekeepers have been 6 years treatment-free.

Bees, these extraordinary creatures that have inhabited the Planet for over 100 million years, are the common thread that tells the story of various ecological challenges.

Evaluating the effects of neonicotinoids on forager bees in conditions as near as possible to those in nature presents a big but necessary challenge.

Monitoring & analysis of honey bee losses in over 36 countries is mainly carried out by citizen science & volunteer beekeepers.

Both nectar and pollen are collected in portions of 20 to 30 mg. This requires four to five times more nectar foragers than pollen foragers in the hive.

Even in sublethal doses, Imidacloprid led to severe bioelement malnutrition in 69% of bioelements and to a stoichiometric mismatch in the others.